This article aims to dissect the merits and challenges of active vs passive Indian index funds investment, giving readers a well-rounded view of both strategies. Further sections will delve into the intricacies of active funds and the principles behind passive—or index—funds, accompanied by comparative analyses focusing on performance metrics, as well as costs and fees involved. Prospective and seasoned investors alike will find guidance on making informed choices, suited to their financial goals and market outlook. By exploring the nature of mutual funds and addressing questions like ‘what is an index fund’, this article will provide the groundwork for a robust investment strategy, blending the best of active and passive styles tailored to individual risk profiles and investment objectives.

Understanding Active Funds

Active funds in India are managed with the objective to outperform market benchmarks, such as the Nifty 50 or BSE Sensex. These funds rely on the expertise and insights of experienced fund managers who actively select stocks and other assets with the potential to beat the market. Here’s a breakdown of what active funds entail:

1. Fund Manager Expertise:
2. • Active funds leverage the fund manager’s experience and expertise.
   • Managers aim to generate alpha, which is the excess return over the benchmark.
   • Historically, top Indian fund managers have delivered an alpha of 1 to 2 percent above the benchmark.
2. Risk and Return Profile:
3. • With the goal of higher returns, active funds inherently come with greater risks.
   • There is a risk of underperformance and human error in decision-making.
   • However, skilled managers may consistently beat the market, making active funds appealing to certain investors.
3. Cost Implications:
4. • Active management incurs higher costs due to the need for research and active trading.
   • These higher expenses can erode returns over time.
   • Some active funds practice closet indexing, which involves aligning the fund closely with a benchmark while still charging higher fees for active management.
4. Investment Options:
5. • A variety of active Indian index funds are available, catering to different market segments.
   • Funds are offered by well-known mutual funds such as HDFC Mutual Fund, ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund, and many others.
   • They cover a range of indices, including Nifty Auto, Nifty Bank, and Nifty Smallcap 250, among others.
5. Diversification Strategies:
6. • Active funds may offer investment strategies like equal weight, low volatility, momentum, and quality index funds.
   • These strategies aim to provide diversification and potentially reduce risk.
6. Investor Suitability:
7. • Suitable for investors who are willing to take on additional risk for the possibility of higher returns.
   • Attractive to those who are cost-conscious and seek diversity in their portfolio.
   • Ideal for investors with a long-term investment horizon.In essence, active funds represent a dynamic approach to investing in the Indian stock market and banking sectors. They are tailored for investors who are looking for more than what passive index funds offer in terms of potential returns and are comfortable with the associated risks and costs. As the debate ofactive vs passive investment strategies continues, it’s crucial for investors to consider their individual risk tolerance, investment goals, and the track record of fund managers when choosing active funds.

Understanding Passive/Index Funds (Indian Index Funds)

Passive investing, particularly in the form of index funds, has seen a significant uptick in India’s financial markets. Assets under management (AUM) for passive funds have witnessed a remarkable fourfold increase from January 2019 to February 2022, indicating a growing preference among investors for this investment strategy. This surge in popularity is reflected in the fact that the size of Nifty/Sensex exchange-traded funds (ETFs) has now surpassed that of actively managed large-cap funds in the country.

Here are key aspects of passive/index funds that investors should understand:

• Market Performance Replication:
• • Passive funds are structured to mirror the performance of a specified market index.
  • They aim to offer a cost-effective and lower-risk investment approach, avoiding the quest for market outperformance, which is the hallmark of active funds.
  • For instance, the largest ETF tracking the NASDAQ 100 Index in the US market has delivered a commendable 10-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.43% as of March 28th, 2022, outshining many actively managed funds that sought to beat the NASDAQ 100 Index.
• Investment Philosophy and Management:
• • Passive investing is characterized by minimal buying and selling, with the goal of maximizing returns by reducing transaction costs.
  • Fund managers of passive index funds imitate the composition of the index, as opposed to actively picking stocks based on market research.
  • This approach enables investors to achieve diversification by maintaining a well-diversified portfolio that tracks a target benchmark or index.
• Types and Advantages of Passive Funds:
• • Types of passive funds available to investors include index funds, ETFs, Fund of Funds (FOFs), and Smart Beta funds.
  • Benefits of investing in passive funds include lower costs, reduced risk of fund manager errors, exposure to the broad market, ease of management, and transparency.
  • Over the long term, passive funds have been known to outperform a majority of actively managed funds due to their lower fees and reduced portfolio turnover.When considering passive funds, investors should be aware of certain constraints and risks:
• Performance Constraints and Risks:
• • Passive funds are subject to total market risk and are designed to provide returns that closely track their benchmark index.
  • They may underperform compared to the market index and offer less flexibility for fund managers to adapt to changing market conditions.
  • Tracking errors can occur, which is the divergence between the performance of the index fund and its benchmark index.
• Factors in Choosing Passive Funds:
• • Important considerations when selecting an index fund or ETF include the expense ratio, tracking errors, the traded price of the ETF on the exchange versus the net asset value (NAV), and liquidity.
  • Passive funds typically have lower Total Expense Ratios (TERs) ranging from 0.20% to 0.50% in India, compared to 1% to 2% for actively managed funds.
• Investor Suitability:
• • Index funds are well-suited for risk-averse investors due to their diversified nature.
  • They are a cost-effective choice for cost-conscious investors and those seeking broad exposure across the stock market.
  • Long-term investors and busy professionals who prefer a ‘set-and-forget’ approach may find passive index funds particularly beneficial due to their stability and growth potential over time.In summary, passive index funds offer a practical solution for investors looking to participate in the growth of the Nifty 50 or BSE Sensex without the need for active management. As the trend towards passive investing continues to gain traction in the Indian stock market and banking sectors, it is essential for investors to understand the nuances of passive funds and how they align with their individual investment goals and risk tolerance.

Comparative Analysis: Performance of Indian Index Funds

When analyzing the performance of active vs passive funds, a nuanced approach is required. Here are the key points to consider:

• Historical Performance:
• • While active funds have sometimes surpassed passive funds, it’s important to note that past success does not predict future results. This has been evident in the Indian investment sphere where active fund managers have sought to capitalize on market inefficiencies.
  • However, the pursuit of higher returns through active management is often offset by higher fees. Frequent trading, a characteristic of active investing, can diminish returns once the associated costs are taken into account.
• Consistency Challenges:
• • A significant challenge for active funds is the ability to consistently outperform their benchmarks. This is particularly true within the large-cap segment, where many active funds struggle to add value over the benchmark indices.
  • The SPIVA Scorecard has highlighted that a substantial proportion of actively managed large-cap funds have failed to beat the S&P 500 over various time frames. This underperformance is a critical factor for investors to consider when evaluating active funds.
• Recent Trends and Category Comparisons:
• • Recent years have seen a shift in performance favoring index funds. Since 2018, there has been a notable trend where index funds have outperformed their actively managed counterparts, with 93% of actively managed large-cap funds underperforming index funds in 2018 alone.
  • When making comparisons, it’s crucial to compare funds within the same category. For example, the average three-year return for the top 28 large-cap funds stands at 23.72%, whereas passive funds tracking the Nifty index have returned an average of 25.18%. This illustrates the importance of selecting the right fund, as some active managers have outperformed index funds by a considerable margin.
• Market Conditions and Fund Selection:
• • Market volatility can create opportunities for active managers to demonstrate their skill in adding value. In such conditions, active funds may have the upper hand as managers can navigate market fluctuations with strategic trading decisions.
  • However, investors must be mindful of the factors that can cause active index funds to underperform, such as trading costs, management fees, and tracking errors, which can lead to significant short-term volatility.In summary, the decision between active and passive funds should be made after careful consideration of each fund’s performance history, the consistency of outperforming benchmarks, recent market trends, and the investor’s own financial goals and risk tolerance. With the Indian stock market and banking sectors evolving, understanding the nuances of both active and passive strategies is key to making informed investment choices in the realms of equity and mutual funds.

Comparative Analysis: Costs and Fees

When it comes to the costs and fees associated with active vs passive Indian index funds, investors are often keen to understand how these expenses impact their overall investment returns. Here’s a comparative analysis of the costs and fees involved in both strategies:

• Expense Ratios:
• • Active funds typically incur higher expense ratios due to the active involvement of fund managers who perform extensive research and frequent trading to try to outperform the market. In contrast, passive funds benefit from lower expense ratios as they require minimal intervention from the fund manager, simply tracking an index like the Nifty 50 or BSE Sensex.
  • On average, actively managed equity funds in India have an expense ratio of 1.27%, which is substantially higher than the 0.15% for index funds. This difference is primarily due to the lower operational costs associated with passive funds, as they do not engage in the active selection of stocks.
• Impact on Returns:
• • The disparity in expense ratios between active and passive funds is not just a matter of percentage points but can have a profound impact on long-term investment returns. For instance, the average expense ratio of the direct plan of a typical actively managed large-cap fund is 0.95%, compared to just 0.24% for a large-cap index fund. Over time, this difference of 0.71% in expenses can significantly compound, affecting the investor’s final return on investment.
• Key Considerations for Investors:
• • When delving into the realm of active Indian index funds, investors are advised to consider several factors beyond just the expense ratio. These include the tracking error, which is the divergence between the performance of the index fund and its benchmark index, the investment horizon, the level of risk they are willing to accept, and their specific financial goals.In the context of the Indian stock market and the banking sector, where every basis point counts towards achieving financial objectives, understanding the cost implications of active vs passive investment strategies is crucial. By comparing the expense ratios and considering the long-term impact on returns, investors can make more informed decisions that align with their investment strategy, whether it be through mutual funds or direct equity investments.

Making the Right Investment Choice

Making the right investment choice between active and passive funds hinges on several personal factors that investors must consider. Here are key points to guide this critical decision:

1. Investment Philosophy and Financial Goals:
2. • Investors should assess their financial situation and what they aim to achieve with their investments. While some may seek the hands-off approach of passive funds, others may prefer the potential for higher returns that active funds can offer, albeit with higher risks and costs involved. The decision should reflect one’s investment philosophy and the level of involvement desired in managing the portfolio.
2. Risk Tolerance and Time Horizon:
3. • An investor’s comfort with risk and the time frame for investing are crucial in deciding between active and passive funds. Passive funds may be more suitable for those with a lower risk tolerance and a longer investment horizon, providing a diversified portfolio with lower costs. In contrast, active funds might appeal to those willing to accept higher risks in the pursuit of greater returns, and who are perhaps more engaged in monitoring their investments.
3. Market Dynamics and Fund Performance:
4. • The Indian market’s unique characteristics and the potential for finding multibaggers may present opportunities for active management to thrive. However, the consistent outperformance of active funds is challenging, and investors should consider long-term equity investment needs by looking at options like low-cost index funds with minimal tracking error for a stable investment experience.
4. Regulatory Influence:
5. • SEBI’s introduction of new fund categories such as ‘flexi-cap’ funds indicates a growing recognition and promotion of passive investment strategies. This move could influence investor choice, as regulatory support for passive funds may translate into more options and potentially better outcomes for investors.
5. Core Portfolio Strategy:
6. • For the core part of an investment portfolio, a shift towards passive funds could offer a ‘fill it, shut it, forget it’ experience, aligning with an investment strategy that requires minimal ongoing management. This approach is particularly appealing for investors who prefer to invest their funds and not actively manage or worry about them on a regular basis.By carefully considering these factors, investors can align their choices with their personal investment goals and risk tolerance. Whether it’s the active pursuit of market-beating returns or the passive strategy of tracking market indices like theNifty 50 orBSE Sensex, the decision should be made with a clear understanding of the implications for one’s financial future. The Indianstock market andbanking sectors offer a variety of options for both active and passive investors, and finding the right balance between the two could be the key to a well-diversified investment portfolio.

Conclusion

As we weigh the merits and complexities of active versus passive Indian index funds, the crux of the matter rests in aligning investment strategies with one’s personal goals, risk tolerance, and the market landscape. Active funds offer the allure of outperforming the market through skilled management, while passive funds promise a lower-cost, lower-maintenance path closely mirroring the market’s tempo. Each approach carries its distinct advantages and potential drawbacks, underscoring the importance of informed decision-making in the pursuit of financial well-being.

Ultimately, the choice between active and passive investments isn’t binary but demands a thoughtful blend that serves the unique contours of an investor’s financial landscape. For those ready to navigate the Indian investment terrain, consider deepening your understanding and taking confident steps toward crafting your tailored investment portfolio.

FAQs

1. Is it more advantageous to invest in passive funds rather than active funds in India?
Passive funds typically incur lower management costs compared to actively-managed funds. This is due to reduced expenses associated with turnover and fewer fees related to financial advice.

2. What distinguishes active index funds from passive index funds?
Passive index funds are characterised by a buy-and-hold strategy with minimal changes to the portfolio, while active index funds involve frequent buying and selling to capitalise on short-term market fluctuations in an attempt to surpass average market returns.

3. Are index funds a preferable investment over actively managed funds in India?
Index funds are generally low-cost, passive investments suitable for investors who prefer a hands-off approach for the long term. In contrast, actively managed funds may offer the possibility of higher returns, albeit with higher risk and costs.

4. How do active and passive investment management strategies differ in their objectives?
Active investment management aims to outperform the market benchmark, seeking to generate ‘alpha.’ Passive investment management, on the other hand, adopts a buy-and-hold approach, leaving the decision of when and how to adjust market exposure to the investor, unlike active management where the fund manager makes these adjustments.

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Table of Contents

1. Why Transfer Your PF
2. How to Use UAN to Transfer PF Online
3. Preparing for the EPF Transfer
4. Step-by-Step Procedure to Transfer PF Online
5. Documents Required for EPF Transfer
6. Checking the Status of PF Transfer
7. Things to Consider While Transferring PF Online
8. Benefits of Transferring PF
9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
10. Challenges in EPF Transfer
11. Helpdesk for EPF Transfer on Government Site
12. Conclusion

1. Why Transfer Your PF

Transferring your PF account instead of withdrawing it offers several advantages. When you switch jobs, you have two options for your existing PF account: withdraw the balance or transfer it to your new employer. Withdrawing your PF may seem tempting, especially if you need immediate access to the funds. However, transferring your PF is a wiser choice for various reasons:

• Tax Benefits: Withdrawing your PF within five years of continuous service attracts taxes. By transferring your PF, you can avoid tax implications and continue to enjoy the tax benefits associated with your PF account.
• Retirement Savings: The primary purpose of the PF account is to provide long-term savings for your retirement. By transferring your PF, you ensure the continuity of your savings and secure your financial future.
• Interest Accumulation: The funds in your PF account earn a fixed interest rate, as declared by the government. Transferring your PF allows you to continue earning interest on your accumulated balance.
• Simplified Record-keeping: Consolidating all your PF accounts into one makes it easier to track your savings and simplifies the record-keeping process.

2. How to Use UAN to Transfer PF Online

The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has introduced the Universal Account Number (UAN) to simplify the operation of EPF accounts. The UAN acts as an umbrella for multiple Member IDs allotted to an individual by different employers. Using UAN, you can link multiple EPF accounts to a single member ID, making the transfer process seamless. Here’s how you can use UAN to transfer your PF online:

1. Activate your UAN: If you haven’t already activated your UAN, visit the EPFO member portal and click on the “Activate UAN” option. Enter your UAN, mobile number, and other required details to activate your UAN.
2. Link your KYC: After activating your UAN, log in to the member portal and link your KYC (Know Your Customer) details, such as Aadhaar, PAN, bank account details, etc. This step is crucial for the online transfer process.
3. Verify your details: Ensure that all your personal and employment details are correctly updated in the member portal. Any discrepancies may cause issues during the transfer process.
4. Generate your transfer request: Once your UAN and KYC details are linked and verified, go to the “Online Services” tab and click on “One Member – One EPF Account (Transfer Request)” option. Verify your personal details and select the previous employer’s PF account you want to transfer.
5. Submit the transfer request: After selecting the previous employer’s PF account, click on the “Get OTP” button. Enter the OTP received on your registered mobile number and submit the transfer request.
6. Authorize the transfer: Your transfer request will be sent to your previous employer for verification. Once your previous employer approves the transfer request, it will be forwarded to the EPFO for further processing.
7. Track the status: You can track the status of your transfer request on the EPFO member portal using your UAN and password. The status will be updated as the transfer request progresses.

3. Preparing for the EPF Transfer

Before initiating the EPF transfer process, it is essential to gather the necessary information and documents to ensure a smooth and hassle-free transfer. Here are the key details and documents you should keep ready:

• UAN: Ensure that your Universal Account Number (UAN) is activated and linked to your KYC details.
• KYC Documents: Make sure your KYC details, such as Aadhaar, PAN, bank account details, etc., are updated and verified in the member portal.
• Personal Details: Verify that your personal details, including your name, date of birth, and contact information, are correctly updated in the member portal.
• Employment Details: Check that your employment history, including the details of your previous employer and current employer, is accurately recorded in the member portal.

By ensuring the accuracy and completeness of these details, you can avoid potential delays or rejections during the transfer process.

4. Step-by-Step Procedure to Transfer PF Online

The online transfer process for your PF account involves the following steps:

1. Activate your UAN: If you haven’t already activated your UAN, visit the EPFO member portal and activate it using your UAN and other required details.
2. Link your KYC: Log in to the member portal and link your KYC details, such as Aadhaar, PAN, bank account details, etc. Make sure your KYC details are verified.
3. Verify your personal and employment details: Check that all your personal and employment details, including your name, date of birth, contact information, and employment history, are correctly updated in the member portal.
4. Initiate the transfer request: Go to the “Online Services” tab on the member portal and click on the “One Member – One EPF Account (Transfer Request)” option. Select the previous employer’s PF account you want to transfer.
5. Submit the transfer request: After selecting the previous employer’s PF account, click on the “Get OTP” button. Enter the OTP received on your registered mobile number and submit the transfer request.
6. Authorization by the previous employer: Your transfer request will be forwarded to your previous employer for verification. Once your previous employer approves the transfer request, it will be forwarded to the EPFO for further processing.
7. Track the status: You can track the status of your transfer request on the EPFO member portal using your UAN and password.
8. Transfer completion: Once the transfer is completed, your PF balance from the previous employer’s account will be transferred to your current employer’s account.

5. Documents Required for EPF Transfer

To complete the EPF transfer process, you will need the following documents:

1. UAN: Ensure that your Universal Account Number (UAN) is activated and linked to your KYC details.
2. KYC Documents: Make sure your KYC details, such as Aadhaar, PAN, bank account details, etc., are updated and verified in the member portal.
3. Employment Details: Verify that your employment details, including the details of your previous employer and current employer, are accurately recorded in the member portal.
4. Transfer Claim Form: Fill out the transfer claim form, also known as Form 13, with the necessary details. This form can be downloaded from the EPFO member portal.
5. Cancelled Cheque: Attach a cancelled cheque with your transfer claim form to facilitate the transfer process.

Ensure that all the documents are filled out accurately and signed where required. Any discrepancies or missing information may cause delays or rejections in the transfer process.

6. Checking the Status of PF Transfer

You can easily track the status of your PF transfer using the EPFO member portal. Here’s how you can check the status:

1. Visit the EPFO member portal: Go to the EPFO member portal and log in using your UAN and password.
2. Go to the “Online Services” tab: Once logged in, navigate to the “Online Services” tab on the member portal.
3. Click on “Track Claim Status”: Under the “Online Services” tab, click on the “Track Claim Status” option.
4. Enter your details: Enter your UAN, select the state where your PF office is located, and enter the EPF office code. You can find the EPF office code on your PF statement or payslip.
5. Submit and track: After entering the required details, click on the “Submit” button. You will be able to track the status of your PF transfer request.

7. Things to Consider While Transferring PF Online

While transferring your PF online offers convenience and ease, there are a few things to consider to ensure a smooth transfer process:

• Ensure accuracy of details: Double-check all your personal, employment, and KYC details to avoid any discrepancies during the transfer process.
• Keep track of transfer request: Regularly check the status of your transfer request on the EPFO member portal to stay updated on its progress.
• Follow up with previous employer: If there are any delays or issues with the transfer request, reach out to your previous employer for assistance and follow-up.
• Maintain documentation: Keep a copy of all the transfer-related documents, including the transfer claim form and acknowledgement receipt, for future reference.

By being proactive and attentive throughout the transfer process, you can ensure a seamless and successful transfer of your PF account.

8. Benefits of Transferring PF

Transferring your PF account from one company to another offers several benefits:

• Continuity of Savings: By transferring your PF, you ensure the continuity of your savings and avoid the risk of losing track of your funds.
• Interest Accumulation: The funds in your PF account continue to earn interest even after the transfer, helping your savings grow over time.
• Tax Benefits: Transferring your PF avoids tax implications, as withdrawing your PF within five years of continuous service attracts taxes.
• Ease of Record-keeping: Consolidating all your PF accounts into one makes it easier to manage and track your savings, simplifying your financial record-keeping.
• Convenience and Efficiency: Online transfer of PF offers convenience and efficiency, eliminating the need for manual paperwork and streamlining the transfer process.

9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Can I transfer my PF account if I have multiple previous employers?
Yes, you can transfer your PF account from multiple previous employers to your current employer using the UAN.

Q2. How long does it take to complete the PF transfer process?
The PF transfer process usually takes around 20-30 days, depending on the verification and processing time by the EPFO and your previous employer.

Q3. Can I transfer my PF account without UAN?
No, UAN is a mandatory requirement for transferring your PF account online. Make sure to activate your UAN and link it to your KYC details before initiating the transfer.

Q4. What happens if my previous employer does not approve the transfer request?
If your previous employer does not approve the transfer request within the specified time, you can raise a grievance with the EPFO through the member portal.

Q5. Can I cancel the PF transfer request once initiated?
No, once the transfer request is initiated, it cannot be canceled. However, if there are any issues or discrepancies, you can raise a grievance with the EPFO for resolution.

10. Challenges in EPF Transfer

While the EPF transfer process has been streamlined and made online, there can be certain challenges that individuals may face during the transfer. Some common challenges include:

• Verification Delays: The verification process by the previous employer and EPFO may sometimes experience delays, resulting in a longer transfer process.
• Discrepancies in Details: If there are any discrepancies in personal, employment, or KYC details, the transfer request may get rejected or delayed. It is crucial to ensure the accuracy of all information.
• Lack of Employer Cooperation: In some cases, the previous employer may not cooperate or delay the approval of the transfer request. Communication and follow-up may be required in such situations.

To overcome these challenges, individuals should ensure the accuracy of their details, communicate with both employers, and actively track the transfer request’s progress.

11. Helpdesk for EPF Transfer on Government Site

The EPFO provides a dedicated helpdesk to assist individuals with any queries or issues related to the EPF transfer process. If you encounter any difficulties or need guidance, you can reach out to the EPFO through the following channels:

• EPFO Toll-free Helpline: You can contact the EPFO toll-free helpline at 1800-118-005 from Monday to Friday between 9:15 AM to 5:45 PM.
• EPFO Grievance Portal: The EPFO has an online grievance registration portal where you can submit your concerns or complaints related to the EPF transfer process.
• EPFO Regional Office: If you prefer a face-to-face interaction, you can visit the EPFO regional office nearest to your location and seek assistance from the officials.

The EPFO helpdesk is dedicated to resolving queries and providing support to ensure a smooth and hassle-free EPF transfer process.

12. Conclusion

Transferring your PF account from one company to another is a crucial step in securing your financial future. By following the step-by-step procedure outlined in this guide, you can transfer your EPF account seamlessly and avoid any potential issues or delays. Remember to review and update your personal, employment, and KYC details, activate your UAN, and track the status of your transfer request. Transferring your PF offers benefits like continuity of savings, interest accumulation, and tax advantages. In case you face any challenges, the EPFO helpdesk is available to assist you. Make the most of this comprehensive guide and make your EPF transfer a smooth and efficient process.

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# Introduction to the GMAT examThe Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a standardized test designed to assess the aptitude of individuals seeking admission to graduate management programs, such as MBA programs. It is widely recognized by universities and business schools around the world as a crucial factor in the admissions process. Aspiring MBA candidates often strive to clear the GMAT exam to demonstrate their readiness and potential for success in a rigorous academic environment.# Importance of clearing the GMAT examClearing the GMAT exam is essential for individuals who aspire to pursue an MBA program. Business schools and universities consider the GMAT score as one of the key factors in the admissions process. A high GMAT score showcases your intellectual abilities, analytical skills, and commitment to academic excellence. It helps admissions committees evaluate your potential to thrive in a demanding MBA curriculum. 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Practice under timed conditions: Take timed mock exams to simulate the actual test environment and practice managing your time effectively.5. Prioritize questions: If you encounter challenging questions, it’s important to prioritize and focus on questions that you are more likely to answer correctly. This allows you to maximize your score within the given time.# Common challenges faced during the GMAT exam and how to overcome themThe GMAT exam can pose various challenges for test-takers. Here are some common challenges and strategies to overcome them:1. Time pressure: The time constraints of the GMAT exam can cause test-takers to feel rushed and anxious. To overcome this challenge, practice time management techniques and develop a pacing strategy that works for you.2. Test anxiety: Test anxiety can hinder performance and lead to poor decision-making during the exam. Combat test anxiety by practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, and maintaining a positive mindset.3. Difficult questions: The GMAT exam includes challenging questions that can be demotivating. When faced with difficult questions, remember that each question carries equal weight, and it’s important to manage your time effectively. Don’t get stuck on a single question; move on and come back to it if time permits.4. Fatigue: The GMAT exam is lengthy, spanning several hours. Fatigue can impact concentration and performance. To combat fatigue, ensure you get enough rest before the exam, stay hydrated, and take short breaks during the test to refresh your mind.# Test-taking strategies to maximize your score on the GMAT examTo maximize your score on the GMAT exam, employ the following test-taking strategies:1. Read the instructions carefully: Pay close attention to the instructions for each section and question type. Misunderstanding the instructions can lead to unnecessary mistakes.2. Manage your time: As mentioned earlier, time management is crucial. Don’t spend too much time on a single question. Use your time wisely to ensure you can attempt all questions within the given time frame.3. Eliminate answer choices: If you’re unsure of the correct answer, use the process of elimination to narrow down the options. This increases your chances of selecting the correct answer.4. Guess strategically: If you’re running out of time, make educated guesses. Eliminate obviously incorrect options and choose the best possible answer based on your knowledge and intuition.5. Stay focused: Maintain concentration throughout the exam. Avoid getting distracted by external factors or negative thoughts. Focus on each question and give your best effort.# Benefits of securing a high GMAT score for MBA programsSecuring a high GMAT score offers several benefits when applying to MBA programs:1. Increased chances of admission: A high GMAT score significantly improves your chances of being accepted into top-tier MBA programs. Admissions committees often consider GMAT scores as a key criterion for evaluating applicants.2. Scholarship opportunities: Some business schools offer scholarships based on GMAT scores. A high score may make you eligible for financial assistance, reducing the financial burden of pursuing an MBA.3. Competitive advantage: A high GMAT score sets you apart from other applicants and demonstrates your academic potential. It gives you a competitive edge during the admissions process, especially for highly selective MBA programs.4. Networking opportunities: Attending a prestigious MBA program offers excellent networking opportunities. Higher GMAT scores may increase your chances of securing admission to such programs, allowing you to connect with influential individuals in the business world.# How to choose the right MBA program based on your GMAT scoreYour GMAT score plays a significant role in determining the MBA programs you are eligible for. Consider the following factors when choosing the right program based on your GMAT score:1. Average GMAT score: Research the average GMAT scores of the MBA programs you are interested in. This gives you an idea of the scores typically accepted by those programs.2. Program ranking: Consider the rankings of MBA programs and identify those that align with your GMAT score. Higher-ranked programs often have higher average GMAT scores.3. Program fit: Evaluate the curriculum, specialization options, and other aspects of each MBA program to determine if it aligns with your career goals and interests.4. Admissions criteria: Understand the admissions criteria of each program, including the weightage given to GMAT scores. Some programs may place more emphasis on work experience, extracurricular activities, or academic achievements.5. Alumni network and reputation: Consider the reputation and alumni network of each program. The reputation of the program and the strength of its alumni network can greatly impact your future career prospects.# Success stories of individuals who aced the GMAT exam and secured their dream MBA programMany individuals have achieved their dream of securing admission to their desired MBA programs by acing the GMAT exam. These success stories serve as inspiration and motivation for aspiring MBA candidates. Here are a few examples:1. Sarah Johnson: With diligent preparation and a high GMAT score, Sarah secured admission to a top-ranked MBA program. She attributes her success to consistent practice, seeking guidance from a tutor, and maintaining a positive mindset.2. John Smith: Despite facing initial challenges, John’s dedication and perseverance paid off. He focused on his weak areas, utilized online resources, and developed effective time management techniques. His high GMAT score opened doors to prestigious MBA programs.3. Emily Patel: Emily’s success story highlights the importance of strategic test-taking. She practiced extensively, learned to eliminate answer choices, and developed a pacing strategy. Her high GMAT score secured her a place in a renowned MBA program.These success stories demonstrate that with the right mindset, dedication, and effective preparation, it is possible to ace the GMAT exam and secure admission to your dream MBA program.# Conclusion: Unlock your potential with a high GMAT score and achieve your MBA dreamsThe GMAT exam serves as a gateway to your dream MBA program, offering numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. By understanding the structure, preparing diligently, and employing effective test-taking strategies, you can ace the GMAT exam and secure admission to your desired program. A high GMAT score not only enhances your chances of admission but also opens doors to scholarships, networking opportunities, and a competitive advantage in the job market. So, unlock your potential, invest time and effort in GMAT preparation, and embark on a rewarding journey towards your MBA dreams.CTA: Start your GMAT preparation today and unlock your potential for a successful MBA journey. With dedication, strategic planning, and the right resources, you can ace the GMAT exam and secure admission to your dream program. Don’t let this opportunity slip away – take the first step towards your MBA dreams now!

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Tax season can be a daunting time for many individuals, as the prospect of paying taxes on hard-earned income and investments looms overhead. However, there are strategies that can be employed to minimize tax liabilities and maximize returns. One such strategy is tax harvesting. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of tax harvesting, exploring what it is, how it works, and providing examples to help you understand its benefits. So let’s dive in!

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Tax Harvesting
2. Understanding Tax Harvesting and its Benefits
3. How Tax Loss Harvesting Works
4. The Advantages of Tax Harvesting
5. Tax Harvesting Strategies for Different Asset Classes
6. Tax Harvesting in Practice: Real-Life Examples
7. Tax Harvesting and Capital Gains Tax
8. Tax Harvesting and Long-Term vs. Short-Term Capital Gains
9. Considerations and Risks of Tax Harvesting
10. Tax Harvesting and the Wash Sale Rule
11. Tax Harvesting and the Importance of Timing
12. Conclusion: Unlocking the Potential of Tax Harvesting

1. Introduction to Tax Harvesting

Tax harvesting is a strategy employed by investors to reduce their tax liabilities and maximize returns. It involves strategically selling assets that have experienced losses and using those losses to offset capital gains. By carefully managing their portfolios and taking advantage of market fluctuations, investors can minimize their tax bills while still maintaining a diversified and profitable investment portfolio.

2. Understanding Tax Harvesting and its Benefits

Tax harvesting is based on the principle of offsetting capital gains with capital losses. When an investor sells an asset that has increased in value, they are subject to capital gains tax on the profit. However, by strategically selling assets that have incurred losses, investors can offset the gains and reduce their taxable income. This ultimately leads to a lower tax liability and increased returns on investments.

The benefits of tax harvesting are twofold. Firstly, it allows investors to minimize their tax liabilities and keep more of their hard-earned money. Secondly, it provides an opportunity to rebalance and optimize investment portfolios by selling underperforming assets and reinvesting in more promising opportunities. This strategy can potentially enhance overall portfolio performance and generate higher returns in the long run.

3. How Tax Loss Harvesting Works

Tax loss harvesting involves selling assets that have experienced losses to offset capital gains. To utilize this strategy effectively, investors need to identify assets in their portfolio that have declined in value and are unlikely to recover in the near term. These assets can be sold at a loss, and the losses realized can be used to offset the gains from other investments.

Let’s consider an example to understand how tax loss harvesting works in practice. Suppose an investor has two investments: Investment A, which has gained Rs. 50,000 in value, and Investment B, which has lost Rs. 30,000 in value. By selling Investment B at a loss, the investor can offset the gain from Investment A, reducing their taxable income by Rs. 30,000.

It’s important to note that tax loss harvesting involves reinvesting the funds from the sale of the loss-making asset into another investment. This ensures that the investor maintains their exposure to the market while still taking advantage of the tax benefits.

4. The Advantages of Tax Harvesting

Tax harvesting offers several advantages for investors. Let’s explore some of the key benefits:

a. Reducing Tax Liability

The primary advantage of tax harvesting is the ability to reduce tax liabilities. By offsetting capital gains with capital losses, investors can lower their taxable income and pay less in taxes. This can result in significant savings, especially for individuals with substantial capital gains.

b. Optimizing Investment Portfolios

Tax loss harvesting provides an opportunity to optimize investment portfolios by selling underperforming assets and reinvesting in more promising opportunities. This strategy allows investors to weed out investments that are not performing well and reallocate their funds to potentially higher-yielding assets. By regularly reviewing and adjusting their portfolios, investors can enhance their overall returns.

c. Maintaining Diversification

While tax loss harvesting involves selling certain assets, it is crucial to maintain diversification within the portfolio. Investors should ensure that they reinvest the proceeds from the sale of loss-making assets into similar investments to maintain diversification and mitigate risk. This ensures that the portfolio remains well-balanced and aligned with the investor’s risk tolerance and investment goals.

d. Deferring Taxes

Tax loss harvesting can also help investors defer taxes to a later date. By utilizing losses to offset gains, investors can postpone the payment of taxes on capital gains until a future date. This can provide additional liquidity and flexibility in managing tax obligations.

5. Tax Harvesting Strategies for Different Asset Classes

Tax harvesting strategies can be applied to various asset classes, including stocks, mutual funds, and real estate. Let’s explore some specific strategies for each asset class:

a. Stocks

In the case of stocks, tax harvesting involves selling stocks that have experienced losses and using those losses to offset capital gains from other stocks. Investors can identify underperforming stocks that are unlikely to recover in the near term and sell them at a loss. These losses can then be used to offset gains from other stocks, reducing the overall tax liability.

b. Mutual Funds

Tax harvesting can also be applied to mutual funds. Investors can sell mutual fund units that have incurred losses and use those losses to offset gains from other mutual fund investments. It is important to note that tax harvesting should be done within the same fund category to maintain the desired asset allocation and investment strategy.

c. Real Estate

Tax harvesting in real estate involves selling properties that have experienced a decline in value and using the losses to offset gains from other real estate investments. This strategy can be particularly useful in markets where property values have depreciated. By strategically selling properties at a loss, investors can reduce their tax liabilities and potentially reinvest in more promising real estate opportunities.

6. Tax Harvesting in Practice: Real-Life Examples

To better understand tax harvesting in practice, let’s explore a few real-life examples:

Example 1: Stock Tax Harvesting

Suppose an investor holds shares of Company X, which have appreciated in value and triggered a significant capital gains tax liability. However, the investor also holds shares of Company Y, which have experienced losses. By selling the shares of Company Y at a loss and using the losses to offset the gains from Company X, the investor can reduce their overall tax liability.

Example 2: Mutual Fund Tax Harvesting

Consider an investor who holds units of a mutual fund that has generated substantial long-term capital gains. However, the investor also holds units of another mutual fund that has incurred losses. By selling the units of the loss-making mutual fund and using the losses to offset the gains from the profitable mutual fund, the investor can minimize their tax liability and potentially increase their overall returns.

Example 3: Real Estate Tax Harvesting

Suppose an investor owns multiple rental properties, some of which have appreciated in value and others that have declined in value. By strategically selling the properties that have experienced losses and using those losses to offset gains from the profitable properties, the investor can lower their tax liability and potentially reinvest in more lucrative real estate opportunities.

These examples illustrate how tax harvesting can be applied across different asset classes to maximize returns and minimize tax liabilities.

7. Tax Harvesting and Capital Gains Tax

Capital gains tax is a key consideration when implementing tax harvesting strategies. In India, long-term capital gains (LTCG) on equity investments are taxed at a rate of 10% if the gains exceed Rs. 1 lakh in a financial year. Short-term capital gains (STCG) on equity investments are taxed at a rate of 15%.

Tax harvesting allows investors to offset capital gains tax liabilities by utilizing capital losses. By strategically selling assets that have incurred losses, investors can reduce their taxable income and lower their overall tax liability.

It’s important to note that tax harvesting should be done in compliance with tax regulations and guidelines. Investors should consult with a tax professional or financial advisor to ensure they are maximizing the benefits of tax harvesting while adhering to the applicable tax laws.

8. Tax Harvesting and Long-Term vs. Short-Term Capital Gains

Tax harvesting can be applied to both long-term and short-term capital gains. Long-term capital gains are generated from the sale of assets held for more than one year, while short-term capital gains are generated from the sale of assets held for less than one year.

In the case of long-term capital gains, tax harvesting can be particularly advantageous, as the tax rate is lower compared to short-term capital gains. By strategically selling assets that have incurred losses and utilizing those losses to offset long-term capital gains, investors can minimize their tax liabilities and maximize their post-tax returns.

For short-term capital gains, tax harvesting can still be beneficial, as it allows investors to offset gains with losses, thereby reducing their overall tax liability. However, it’s important to consider the higher tax rate applicable to short-term capital gains when evaluating the potential benefits of tax harvesting.

9. Considerations and Risks of Tax Harvesting

While tax harvesting offers significant benefits, there are certain considerations and risks that investors should be aware of:

a. Market Volatility

Tax harvesting relies on market fluctuations and the ability to identify assets that have experienced losses. Investors should be mindful of market volatility and carefully assess the potential risks associated with selling assets at a loss. It’s important to strike a balance between tax optimization and long-term investment goals.

b. Reinvestment Risks

When implementing tax harvesting strategies, investors must reinvest the proceeds from the sale of loss-making assets into other investments. There is always a degree of risk associated with reinvesting funds, as the performance of the new investments may not match the expectations. Investors should carefully evaluate potential investment opportunities and consider factors such as risk tolerance, investment horizon, and diversification.

c. Compliance with Tax Regulations

Tax harvesting should be done in compliance with tax regulations and guidelines. Investors should ensure that they are adhering to the applicable tax laws and consulting with tax professionals or financial advisors to optimize their tax liabilities while remaining compliant.

10. Tax Harvesting and the Wash Sale Rule

In India, there is no explicit regulation that disallows tax loss harvesting. However, it is important to note that the wash sale rule, which is applicable in some countries like the United States, prohibits investors from selling and repurchasing the same asset within a certain timeframe to avoid taxes on realized gains.

While there is no wash sale rule in India, investors should exercise caution and ensure that their tax harvesting activities are not perceived as an attempt to manipulate tax liabilities. It is advisable to consult with a tax professional or financial advisor to ensure compliance with tax regulations.

11. Tax Harvesting and the Importance of Timing

Timing plays a crucial role in tax harvesting. Investors should carefully evaluate market conditions and the performance of their investments to identify the optimal time for tax harvesting. Selling assets at the right time can maximize the tax benefits and minimize potential risks associated with market fluctuations.

It’s important to note that tax harvesting is an ongoing process and should not be limited to year-end activities. Regular monitoring of investment portfolios and proactive decision-making can help investors capitalize on tax harvesting opportunities throughout the year.

12. Conclusion: Unlocking the Potential of Tax Harvesting

Tax harvesting is a powerful strategy that can help investors reduce their tax liabilities and maximize returns on their investments. By strategically selling assets that have incurred losses and utilizing those losses to offset gains, investors can optimize their tax liabilities while maintaining a well-diversified and profitable investment portfolio.

While tax harvesting offers significant benefits, it’s important to approach it with careful consideration and adherence to tax regulations. Consulting with tax professionals or financial advisors can help investors navigate the complexities of tax harvesting and ensure compliance with applicable tax laws.

In conclusion, tax harvesting is a valuable tool that can unlock the potential for increased returns and reduced tax liabilities. By implementing sound tax harvesting strategies, investors can make the most of their investments and achieve their financial goals while minimizing the impact of taxes.

Remember, tax harvesting is just one piece of the puzzle in optimizing your tax planning. It’s important to explore other tax-saving strategies and consult with professionals to develop a comprehensive tax plan tailored to your specific needs and circumstances. Start maximizing your returns and minimizing your tax liabilities with tax harvesting today!

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The Nifty50 fell 738.35 points, or 4.16 percent, to 17,026.45, its lowest close since August 30 this year, while the BSE Sensex fell 2,528.86 points, or 4.24 percent, to 57,107.15, as selling was observed across all sectors except Pharma.

The broader markets were also under pressure, with the BSE Midcap and Smallcap indices declining 4.14 percent and 2.52 percent, respectively.

Experts believe the uneasiness will likely persist throughout the coming week as well, with a greater emphasis on the severity of the new COVID-19 version, monthly auto sales statistics, second-quarter GDP data, and FII flow.

The market is expected to remain under pressure until more clarification emerges regarding the potential risk of this new COVID-19 variation and the timeframe of the Fed raising interest rates.

A Technical Perspective

The Nifty50 formed a strong bearish candle on both the daily and weekly charts following a Black Friday that saw the index decline nearly 3% to 17,026 for the week, indicating overall negative sentiment and volatility in the coming week. Experts believe that 17,000 will be critical for further correction or rebound.

“According to the Fibonacci retracement, the Nifty has retraced 50% of the rise from July to October. There is a slight possibility of a recovery from this support zone as long as the index closes above the 17,000 level. On the other hand, a close below 17,000 may cause the Nifty to fall towards the 61.8 percent retracement level near 16,650.

Coronavirus

India has seen a steady decline in daily case additions over the last couple of weeks, reporting less than 11,000 cases daily, but the resurgence of COVID-19 cases in several European nations, prompting the implementation of new COVID-19 restrictions, and the discovery of a new COVID-19 variant in South Africa, forcing several nations to close borders, has reignited global concern, bringing forward uncertainty about these countries’ growth prospects. Not just in South Africa, but also in Hong Kong, Belgium, Israel, and Botswana, new COVID-19 variant instances have been identified.

Vaccination in India has been proceeding well, with over 121 crore COVID-19 doses provided thus far, with more than 35% of people receiving second COVID-19 doses.

FII Action
The FII selling accelerated in November, owing to valuation concerns and growing expectations of faster rate hikes in the US if inflation continues to rise. Even DIIs were unable to mask the FIIs’ selling quantum. As a result, it will be closely monitored.

Foreign investors sold shares worth more than Rs 21,000 crore in the last week, bringing the total monthly selling to more than Rs 31,000 crore in November, on top of more than Rs 25,000 crore in October. On the contrary, domestic institutional investors have net purchased about Rs 11,000 crore of shares, and their purchases in November totaled over Rs 20,000 crore, up from Rs 4,470 crore in October.

Automobile Sales
November auto sales will be closely monitored, as the chip shortage issue is likely to weigh on passenger vehicle (PV) sales growth, while volumes may rise month over month. Experts believe that two-wheeler and tractor sales may also drop, although commercial vehicle (CV) sales may improve. As a result, companies such as Bajaj Auto, Hero MotoCorp, Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors, Eicher Motors, and M&M would be highlighted.

Initial Public Offerings and Listings

The primary market will stay active this week, as Go Fashion, the owner of women’s bottom-wear company Go Colors, will have its initial public offering on November 30. The issue price has been set at Rs 690 per share in its final form.

The Star Health and Allied Insurance Company, which is backed by ace investor Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, will begin accepting subscriptions for its Rs 7,249-crore initial public offering on November 30 and will end on December 2. The offer price band has been set at Rs 870-900 per share.

Tega Industries, the world’s second largest manufacturer of polymer-based mill liners, will also undertake a Rs 619-crore initial public offering (IPO) in the following week, December 1-3, 2021, with a price band of Rs 443-453 per share.

Prices of Crude Oil
Oil prices fell sharply this week, particularly on November 26, as additional COVID-19 variant instances fueled fears of a demand slowdown as supply increased. Several major economies, including the United States and China, have opted to release some of their reserves in order to bring international markets’ prices down.

Brent crude futures, the international benchmark for oil prices, have fallen more than 13% from their recent peak and approximately 3% this week. While falling oil prices are beneficial for countries like India, which is a net oil importer, experts believe that excessive volatility could pose a risk to the country.

Economic Statistics

On November 30, the gross domestic product (GDP) figures for July-September 2021 will be announced, as will the infrastructure output and budget deficit figures for October. GDP growth for the quarter is projected to be between 7.5-9 percent, experts believe, down from the 20.1 percent pace witnessed in Q1FY22 due to a low base effect.

The November Markit Manufacturing PMI will be issued on December 1, while the November Markit Services & Composite PMI will be released on Friday.

On November 26, the deposit and bank loan growth for the two weeks ended November 19, as well as foreign exchange reserves for the week ended November 26, will be announced.

Cues for F&O

The option data showed that the Nifty might trade in a greater range of 16,500-17,500 levels in the next days, but the increase in volatility is definitely a cause for concern and favours bears, according to experts.

On the option front, the maximum Call open interest was seen at 17500, followed by 18000 and 17300 strikes, and Call writing was seen at 17300, followed by 17500 and 17400 strikes, while the maximum Put open interest was seen at 17000, followed by 16800 and 16300 strikes, with Put unwinding at 17500, 17400, and 17300 strikes.

On a weekly basis, the India VIX increased by 40% from 14.86 to 20.80.

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The new set of recommendations establishes processes to be followed by international travellers as well as airlines and points of entry for risk profiling of passengers, including airports, seaports, and land borders.

Among other things, the government announced a list of 12 nations from which travellers arriving in India would be subject to further measures, including post-arrival testing. They include European countries such as the United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, Bangladesh, Botswana, China, Mauritius, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Following their arrival from ‘at risk’ nations, visitors will be required to wait for the results of their test at the arrival airport before departing or flying. If the test results are negative, they will be placed in quarantine for seven days. On the eighth day, a second test will be administered, and passengers who test negative will be required to self-monitor for seven days.

Passengers who test positive should be isolated and their samples sent to INSACOG, according to the rules.
Contacts of positive patients shall be quarantined on an institutional or individual basis.

International passengers arriving at seaports/land ports include the following:

The government made it very clear in its rules that all arriving passengers will be subjected to the same protocol as travellers from ‘at risk’ and non-risk nations. However, such travellers are not yet eligible for online registration. On arrival, travellers would be required to submit the self-declaration form to the applicable Government of India authorities at seaports or land ports.

According to the new document, all new passengers who intend to travel must complete a self-declaration form on the online Air Suvidha site before to their booked flight, including facts about their previous 14 days of travel. Additionally, they must upload a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR data to the portal within 72 hours of embarking on the travel. Additionally, the traveller will be required to file a declaration verifying the validity of the report or face criminal prosecution.

Under the age of five, children are excluded from both pre- and post-arrival testing. However, if they are discovered to be symptomatic for COVID-19 upon arrival or during the home quarantine period, they will be tested and treated according to established protocol.

Passengers intending to fly internationally:

For travellers from countries other than those designated as ‘at risk,’ they will be permitted to exit the airport and will be required to self-monitor their health for 14 days following their arrival. Additionally, the paper adds that a subset of passengers — 5% of total airline passengers — will be subjected to random post-arrival testing at the airport upon arrival. The Ministry of Civil Aviation shall bear the cost of testing such travellers. If a traveller is found to be positive, he or she will be managed according to the established standard practise, and samples will be sent for genomic testing.

Regarding outgoing passengers originating or passing through at-risk countries, airlines will be required to advise them that they will be subjected to post-arrival testing, quarantine if negative, and severe isolation techniques if positive, among other things.

Additionally, airlines may allow customers to board only if they have completed the self-declaration form on the Air Suvidha portal and uploaded a negative RT-PCR test report. After thermal scanning, only asymptomatic individuals will be permitted to board, and all passengers should be urged to download the Aarogya Setu app to their mobile devices.

At airports, on flights, and during transit, an in-flight statement concerning COVID-19, including preventative steps to be followed, was added to the document. According to policy, any passenger who exhibits symptoms of COVID-19 during the trip will be isolated.

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According to a press statement from Jio, the increased price rates will go effective on December 1.

After increasing prepaid tariffs by 20-25 percent in recent weeks, rivals Bharti Airtel and Vi have done the same, citing the need for higher Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) and to alleviate financial stress being experienced by the industry as a result of increased demand for new technologies and unpaid telecom spectrum due to the government. While Airtel increased its tariffs with effect from November 26, Vi increased their tariffs with effect from November 25, according to the company.

According to Jio, the new rate plans are in keeping with the company’s goal to further establish a sustainable telecom industry.

“These programmes will offer the finest value in the business,” says the author. Maintaining the Jio promise of providing the highest-quality service at the lowest possible price around the world, Jio customers will continue to be the primary beneficiaries,” the company stated.

The following are all of the rate increases that will be implemented:

According to Jio, the new plans can be purchased through any and all of the company’s existing touchpoints and channels.

The plans, which all include unlimited voice calls, now start at Rs 155 for 2 GB data per month with a validity of 28 days, compared to Rs 129 previously, and go up to Rs 2,879 for 2 GB data per day with a validity of 365 days, compared to Rs 2399 previously. The plans also include unlimited voice calls.

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